Nobody is definite why Stonehenge was constructed. This world-famous monument on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire is assumed to commemorate the lifeless, and is aligned with actions of the Solar and Moon.
It consists of an outer ring and interior horseshoe of enormous “sarsen” and “trilithon” stones, and an interior circle and horseshoe of smaller “bluestones”. It was in-built a number of phases between 5,000 and 4,200 years in the past.
The Altar Stone is without doubt one of the most enigmatic rocks at Stonehenge, and is mostly grouped with the bluestones. Regardless of its title (prompt as its use by the architect Inigo Jones in 1620), its perform is unknown.
Mendacity flat on the coronary heart of Stonehenge, the six-tonne, five-metre-long rectangular Altar Stone is a grey-green sandstone, far larger and completely different in its composition from the opposite bluestones. So the place did it come from?
In our new paper printed in Nature, we now have traced the Altar Stone’s supply to north-east Scotland, which means it travelled a minimum of 430 miles (700km) to Salisbury Plain.
That is an unbelievable distance for Neolithic instances, earlier than the wheel is assumed to have arrived in Britain. This beautiful discovery sheds new mild on the capabilities and long-range connections of Britain’s Neolithic inhabitants.
Let’s evaluate what we all know, and the way we pinned down the area the place the Altar Stone originated. The large stones at Stonehenge (sarsens) come from a few tens of miles away, however transferring these 30-tonne monsters was no imply feat in Neolithic instances.
The smaller, unique bluestones are a special story. Not native to Stonehenge, they weigh sometimes 1-3 tonnes and are as much as 2.5 metres tall. The Altar Stone, additionally not native, is twice the dimensions of the most important different bluestone. It’s not identified when it arrived at Stonehenge, nor if it ever stood upright.
It was not till 1923 that geologist H.H. Thomas recognised that a lot of the igneous bluestones got here from the Mynydd Preseli in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales. Our ongoing work has refined the sources of those igneous bluestones to particular person crags on the northern slopes of the Preseli hills.
Thomas additionally prompt that the Altar Stone was most likely taken from previous crimson sandstone rocks discovered to the south and east of the Mynydd Preseli, on the presumed bluestone transport path to Stonehenge. The suggestion caught, and for 80 years went unchallenged.
Within the early 2000s, we began to look once more at supposed Altar Stone fragments in museum collections. Some fragments have been clearly wrongly recognized, so the time-consuming technique of clarifying the scenario started.
Initially, the Altar Stone’s origin was now prompt to be in western Wales, close to Milford Haven. However on the finish of the 2010s, we additional subjected its fragments to a wide range of geological analyses. These outcomes hinted at jap Wales or the Welsh borders as its supply, and discounted the west Wales origin.
However with out immediately sampling the Altar Stone, how may we ensure that the museum fragments have been real? At the moment, we’re not allowed to knock lumps off Stonehenge, as occurred previously.
Novel method
Within the early 2020s, we began utilizing handheld X-ray fluorescence evaluation, a non-destructive chemical analytical technique, on the Stonehenge bluestones – significantly on the various claimed Altar Stone fragments collected by older archaeological excavations. We then in contrast these with X-ray fluorescence analyses from the floor of the Altar Stone itself.
Sediment grains within the Altar Stone are cemented collectively by the mineral baryte, giving it an uncommon chemical composition that is excessive within the ingredient barium.
A number of museum fragments have been an identical to the Altar Stone – proving {that a} labelled fragment faraway from the Altar Stone in 1844 was real was essential. These few, valuable fragments might be used for our research, so we did not want to gather new samples immediately from the Altar Stone.
In the meantime, our scientific group now included geologists from England, Wales, Scotland, Canada and Italy. We had been analysing a spread of previous crimson sandstone samples from throughout Wales and the Welsh borders, to attempt to discover a chemical and mineralogical match for the Altar Stone.
Nothing appeared comparable. By autumn 2022, we concluded that the Altar Stone couldn’t be from Wales, and that we wanted to look additional afield for its supply.
On the identical time, an opportunity contact from Tony Clarke, a PhD pupil at Curtin College in Perth, Western Australia, provided a risk to go additional.
We invited the Curtin group to find out the ages of a sequence of minerals in two of the Altar Stone fragments, hoping this would offer info referring to its age and attainable origin. This technique dates mineral grains within the rock and provides an age “fingerprint”, tying the grains to a specific area.
Our new research printed in Nature exhibits that the Altar Stone’s age fingerprint identifies it as coming from the Orcadian Basin in north-east Scotland. The findings of this age courting are actually astonishing, overturning what had been thought for a century.
It is thrilling to know that the end result of our work over virtually twenty years has unlocked this thriller. We will say with confidence that this iconic rock is Scottish and never Welsh, and extra particularly, that it got here from the previous crimson sandstones of north-east Scotland.
With its origin within the Orcadian Basin, the Altar Stone has travelled a remarkably great distance – a straight-line distance of a minimum of 430 miles. That is the longest identified journey for any stone utilized in a Neolithic monument.
Our analyses can not reply how the Altar Stone received to Stonehenge. Forests posed certainly one of a number of bodily obstacles to overland transport. A journey by sea would have been equally daunting. Equally, we can not reply why it was transported there.
No matter archaeologists might uncover in future, our outcomes may have enormous ramifications in serving to understanding Neolithic communities, their connections with one another, and the way they transported issues over distance. In the meantime, our seek for an much more exact supply of the Altar Stone continues.
Nicholas Pearce, Professor of Geochemistry, Aberystwyth College; Richard Bevins, Honorary Professor, Division of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth College, and Rob Ixer, Honorary Senior Analysis Fellow, Institute of Archaeology, UCL
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